题目原文（来自 Microsoft 技术面试）

Design a simulation for a card game.
This game is playable by 2 or more players and consists of four phases performed in order: shuffle, deal, exchange, and score.

• Shuffle: randomize the order of a deck of 52 playing cards.
• Deal: from the top of the deck, give each player 5 cards.
• Exchange: each player may discard as many cards (face down) as they would like. After they have discarded their cards, draw from the top of the deck until the player has 5 cards in their hand.
• Score: determine which player has the highest numerical value of cards in their hand (face cards are worth 10 points each).
  If exactly one player has the highest combined value, that player is declared the winner of the game.

🎯 面试背景与考察重点

这道题出现在 Microsoft 的 Virtual Onsite（VO）第二轮 技术面中，通常是中级软件工程师（SDE II）或高年级实习生（SDE Intern）级别。
考察重点是 面向对象设计（OOP Design）+ 模拟系统思维 + 随机性处理 + 可扩展架构设计。

面试官并不期待你写出完整游戏，而是希望看到你：

1. 能否正确拆解问题；
2. 能否抽象出合理的类与职责；
3. 是否理解状态流转（deck → player → round → score）；
4. 是否能让程序结构足够清晰以支持后续扩展（多玩家、AI、UI等）。

💬 面试对话还原（节选）

Interviewer: “Let’s start simple — how would you design a simulation for a card game?”
Candidate: “I’ll start with the basic entities: Card, Deck, Player, and a GameController.”
Interviewer: “Good. What does each class do?”
Candidate:

• “Card stores suit and rank;”
• “Deck handles shuffle, draw, and reset;”
• “Player keeps a hand, can discard and draw;”
• “GameController coordinates the phases.”
  Interviewer: “Perfect. Now let’s discuss scoring — how do you assign values to face cards?”
  Candidate: “I’ll use a mapping — A=1, 2-10 = 2-10, J/Q/K = 10. Total hand value determines the winner.”

这时面试官可能会进一步追问你是否考虑到：

• 多人并发（多线程安全性）；
• 平局处理；
• 随机性种子（random.seed）以便可重现测试；
• 类的封装与复用性。

🧠 解题思路（思维结构）

1. 抽象核心对象
   • Card: suit + rank
   • Deck: initialize → shuffle → draw
   • Player: hand → discard → draw
   • Game: orchestrate flow（shuffle → deal → exchange → score）
2. 实现流程
   • 初始化一副 52 张牌
   • 调用 shuffle()
   • 发牌给每位玩家（5 张）
   • Exchange 阶段允许玩家丢弃并补牌
   • 最后根据 mapping 计算得分并判定胜者
3. 关键细节
   • shuffle() 可用 random.shuffle(deck)
   • 确保每位玩家手牌不重复（deck pop）
   • Score 阶段考虑平局输出或“多人并列”
   • 代码设计遵循 SOLID 原则 → 保持单一职责

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