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Meta 面试真题解析:字符串变换与整除问题 – Meta Interview Question Analysis: Transforming Strings to Find Divisible Numbers

在本文中,我们将深入探讨Meta(前Facebook)的一个面试题,并提供详细的解析和思路。该题目要求我们对字符串进行变换,以找出所有可以被3整除的数。题目描述如下:

Problem Statement:

You are given a string S, consisting of N digits, that represents a number. You can change at most one digit in the string to any other digit. How many different numbers divisible by 3 can be obtained in this way?

Write a function:

class Solution { 
public int solution(String S);
}

that, given a string S of length N, returns an integer specifying how many numbers divisible by 3 can be obtained with at most one change of a digit.

Examples:

  1. Given S = "23", the function should return 7. All numbers divisible by 3 that can be obtained after at most one change are: "03", "21", "24", "27", "33", "63" and "93".
  2. Given S = "0081", the function should return 11. All numbers divisible by 3 that can be obtained with at most one change are: "0021", "0051", "0081", "0084", "0087", "0381", "0681", "0981", "3081", "6081" and "9081".
  3. Given S = "022", the function should return 9. All numbers divisible by 3 that can be obtained with at most one change are: "012", "021", "024", "027", "042", "072", "222", "522" and "822".

问题分析

这个问题要求我们在改变字符串中的一个数字的情况下,找出可以被3整除的所有可能数。这需要我们理解一些基本的数学性质:

  1. 一个数可以被3整除,当且仅当其各个位上的数字之和可以被3整除。
  2. 因此,我们可以通过改变字符串中的某一位,来使得新的数字之和可以被3整除。

解题思路

  1. 计算原始数字和:首先计算给定字符串S的所有位数字的总和。
  2. 遍历每一位:对于字符串S的每一位,尝试将其改变为0到9中的任何一个数字,计算新的总和,并判断新的数字是否能被3整除。
  3. 记录结果:对于每一种可能的变换,如果新的数字可以被3整除,则将其计入结果。

示例讲解

示例1:

  • 输入:S = "23"
  • 解释:
    • 改变第一个数字:"03" (3), "13" (4), "23" (5), "33" (6), "43" (7), "53" (8), "63" (9), "73" (10), "83" (11), "93" (12)。
    • 改变第二个数字:"20" (2), "21" (3), "22" (4), "23" (5), "24" (6), "25" (7), "26" (8), "27" (9), "28" (10), "29" (11)。
    • 只有以下组合可以被3整除:"03", "21", "24", "27", "33", "63", "93"。
    • 返回结果:7。

示例2:

  • 输入:S = "0081"
  • 解释:
    • 改变每一位,逐个检查可以被3整除的情况。
    • 结果包括:"0021", "0051", "0081", "0084", "0087", "0381", "0681", "0981", "3081", "6081", "9081"。
    • 返回结果:11。

示例3:

  • 输入:S = "022"
  • 解释:
    • 改变每一位,逐个检查可以被3整除的情况。
    • 结果包括:"012", "021", "024", "027", "042", "072", "222", "522", "822"。
    • 返回结果:9。

总结

这道题目考察了字符串处理和基本的数学运算能力。通过改变字符串中的某一位,并检查新的数字是否满足特定条件(被3整除),可以有效地解决这个问题。希望通过这篇文章,大家能更好地理解和应对类似的面试题。

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